Tourism sector in Maldives

Tourism sector in Maldives Acknowledgement I wish to express my sincere appreciation to many people who have been there for me to supervise, direct, assist to help in the completion of the dissertation. First and foremost I would like to thank my tutor Ms.Pupinder Kher (Ms.Puppi) for her kind help throughout my dissertation. I would also like to thank Mr Saleem from the Faculty of Hospitality Tourism Studies in Maldives for providing me with a lot of information on number of girls who have studied in the faculty over the past 5 years which has enabled me to sum up the trend of the young women joining the industry through their higher studies. I am also grateful to my young respondents for giving their time in order to fill up the survey forms for which has enabled the most to fulfill my objectives in this dissertation. Last but not least to my beloved family friends who have given me support and help throughout my bachelor degree program at the Taylors University and believing in my research. Without their help I wouldnt have been able to compile this report. Thank you everyone although I could not have mentioned every name, your help is most appreciated. Abstract General Introduction With the rise of tourism sector in the Maldives in 1972 with one resort, it has improved to be the Ranbis alhaa kukulhu by the Maldivians or defined as The chicken that lays golden eggs which made a gateway to the employment as well as a boost in the economy of Maldives. The country with more than a thousand pearl islands in the Indian Ocean depends heavily on the contribution of tourism to its economy. Along the years of the tourism development, the start of one resort in 1972 has changed to 91 registered operating resorts, 14 hotels, 23 guesthouses, and to more than 147 registered tourism vessels in operation and many more in development, over the last 3 decades. The tourism sector has developed over the years since the first resort emerged in the year 1972 which also created a boost gateway in the employment sector of the country. During the 1990s, it was 6% of the employment which contributed to the tourism sector due to reasons such as lack of education in the field, un acceptance of the working environment since in Maldives its one island, one resort concept and also due to the religious facts such as working in places where wine liquor are served are prohibited, and lack of foreign language. Then, it was mostly men who travelled to work in the resorts while the women were to look after the family and most were housewives. Over the years, the acceptance of women working in the tourism sector directly dealing with the tourists have been increasing slowly. it is believed the main reasons which limits the number of women working in the resort are due to the one island, one resort concept where by a person has to work all week in the resort for which they are also accommodated on the same island and are able to visit back to their family once a week. This becomes problems for most that have a family. And also due to ethical beliefs among people for which woman have to work among men far away from the families is still not being well accepted by the perception of the community. As mentioned above, this dissertation would focus on issues regarding possibilities, reasons and opportunities which lack the young women to work in the tourism sector, mainly in the resorts which the small island nation such as Maldives is well known for. Hence the topic chosen for this dissertation is: An analysis on the reluctance of young women joining the tourism industry in Maldives. The young women is described as young girls between the age of the 16 20 which is the most appropriate age for the girls to chose a field to build their career either through further higher studies in a desired sector or working. The main four objectives to be covered in the research would be in order to find the following. What are the views and opinions of the fresh graduates from high school towards women working in the tourism sector? What can hospitality education programs or facilities do in order to attract more women towards the industry? What are the factors that motivate them to join the industry? ( that is either starting their higher studies in the tourism sector or work) What are the factors why most girls are reluctant to work in resorts? The following objectives are to be covered on the primary data collected. This dissertation consists of two parts. The first part discuses the existing facts and figures of the women in the industry, concept and existing practices in the community. Also issues, challenges and barriers in the industry for woman theoretically explained by different people which is related to the independent and dependent variables of the research. The second part consists of the research methodology, the findings and analysis. For the research methodology, the research consists of primary and secondary data collected. The primary data would be the Questionnaire forms which would be filled up by the sample ages group which is girls between the age of 16 20. The analysis on the primary data would complete the objectives to be covered in the research as well as give the results of the hypothesis in this dissertation. The research methodology would be more briefed in the second part. The hypotheses to be tested are: H1: The views and opinions of the fresh graduates from high school towards women working in tourism industry would be an acceptable factor in the minds of the modern generation; hence they may be not able to work due to family influence in choosing their career or the perception of the people towards girls working. H2: The views and opinions of most fresh graduates towards working in the tourism sector would be unstable and would need guidance from informative sources about their career path H3: The resorts assuring the women as well as the parents of them on the safe and security of the working environment would attract women towards the industry H4: Factors such as families influence, the perception among people towards girls working in resorts and religious beliefs are main reasons why most girls are reluctant to work in the industry The importance of the chosen topic is due to several reasons such as, as per a survey conducted by the Ministry of Tourism in the year 2006, it showed that it was a percentage of 54% employed are locals in the resorts, among that only 3% represents the women in the industry. The importance of feminism gender in the industry is very much needed in the tourism industry today. Today, due to the dominant of the male gender in the tourism sector over the years since the beginning of tourism in Maldives, it has been a failure to recruit or to attract the female gender not even equivalent, but not even close to being equivalent to the male gender to work in the resorts. If the tourism industry ignores this problem today, in the future, there may not be any chances of career building for a woman in the industry which has become the main occupation of the country. Also one reason that motivated me personally in choosing this research topic is that I have seen my friends who studied with me, chose another career due to several barriers which they faced that changed their career leaving the hospitality industry after their higher studies in the tourism sector. Part 1 Literature Review Existing situation in the industry As per a survey conducted by the Ministry of Tourism, Arts Culture in the year 2006 shows that a percentage of 7.876% is the total of women, both local and foreign working in the industry while the rest 92.124% are male, both local and foreign. The survey also summed up that there were more foreign women in the industry then locals with a difference of 2%. In order to find the existing problems that are faced by the women to join the industry, the main theory focused in this dissertation would be the Glass Ceiling theory (Knutson Schmidgall ,1999) and Human Capital Theory (Becker,1975). The Glass Ceiling is described as an invisible barrier which cause the women difficulties or are unable to reach higher posts. These barriers either limits the further growth of a womens carrier in an organization or consists of de-motivating factors for which most chose not to work long term in the industry. This may be occurring in the Maldives since over the years, the tourism sector has been dominant by the male gender that the woman are not provided with higher positions unless with long time work experience or by higher studies, and for a long time, with the males working in the resorts, the women have mostly been housewives or been in other fields of work. The Human Capital Theory (Becker, 1975), describes that the differences in the income as well as the jobs offered are based on a persons experience, education and trainings. And that it involves no gender discrimination. The glass ceiling is also caused by different other factors such as sexual harassment, limitations in the old boy network, work and family balance, Describing sexual harassment, (Dunwoody-Miller and Gutek 1985). Sexual harassment could also be described in a work place other then abusing, but also such as humiliation in front of other people. Mostly within a work force with a larger number of men, the women could be humiliated for what they said in a crowd which they could feel sexually harassed. In most cases, it could be their seniors doing it. But unfortunately, most are un1ware of the policies of an organization on whom it has to be reported for which some chooses to leave the organization. The informal social group which has the high connection with the management allowing them for easier promotions and higher positions are described as The boy network (Oakley, 2000). Thus in the hospitality industry, a lot of women complain that they are excluded from this informal groups where by the old boy net work also limits the opportunities of growth to the women. Unlike the men, the women are also mostly responsible for the family as well as work. In order to balance out their work life as well as family life, the woman either try to find helpers or nannies to manage the homes or chooses jobs with lesser responsibilities and time that has to be spend in the work. (McGrath, 1999; Higgings et. al, .2000).

Hispanic Immigrants: Victims of Discrimination

Running head: HISPANIC IMMIGRANTS Hispanic Immigrants: Victims of Discrimination Kathleen Juarbe-Gorgas Professor Dettmann October 21, 2010 United States is the land of immigrants or the land of white people? Based on the U. S. history when Christopher Columbus discovers America, the Europeans start immigrant for better opportunities. The Native Indians was the owner of this land but the European took it over. As a consequence of the slavery, people from other countries came to U. S. to work either voluntary or involuntary. As a result in today society we have all the diversity in ethnicity.However the immigrant get here, they have a common goal achieve the American dream. So, if this country has been build with immigrants why Americans discriminate against them? Immigration is a serious issue in U. S. because they’re many cases of illegal immigration. The society makes the American dream almost impossible to any immigrant but especially to the Hispanics. The Americans argue t hat the Hispanics immigrant come here to commit crimes. Rape, kidnapping, homicides, drug dealers and robbery are some of common crimes commit by Hispanics immigrants.A popular federal crime between illegal immigrants is identity theft. Identity theft is when somebody stole social security cards, birth certificates, identification cards, driver licenses and any other type of identification that can be misused or falsify. On occasion the anti-immigrants have horrible experiences with the illegal immigrant that make them discriminated against all. (Background on discrimination against immigrants, 2009) Also, the anti-immigrant protest that the immigrant stole the Americans works for a less pay.The American thinks that Hispanic immigrants are all the same; they’re illegal and come to this country to commit crimes. But the Hispanic immigrants come to this country to achieve the American dream. Most of the time they move to U. S. to have better opportunities because in their count ry is impossible emerge from the poverty. The thought of any Hispanic immigrant is to have a better job to provide the family, give a better education to their children and if possible pay the college tuition. But also achieve the biggest challenge in this country, the English language.The Hispanic immigrant has the brave to overcome any barrier and come here without knowing the language, the culture or sometimes have any relative and start from the bottom until achieve the goals. (Background on discrimination against immigrants, 2009) The fact of being immigrant is enough for discrimination at the point to commit a crime? A hate crime that shocked the Hispanic community was the homicide of Luis Ramirez. An illegal immigrant who resided in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania; he was victim of a death beating from group of Caucasian teenagers.Another case of hate against Latinos happened five months after Ramirez death in Long Island, NY. Marcelo Lucero was fatal beaten by teenager just for bei ng Latino. (Raul, 2010) Those are examples of the influences of discrimination in the United States society. The hate crimes have been practice in all 50 states from people who are racist. Instead of helping our community, those crimes are making worst. The discrimination is like a genetic disease that is produce from the racism which goes from generation to generation.The anti-immigrants believe that the white race is superior to any other race. They practice discrimination against immigrant. They are repeating the history when the African-Americans were prosecuted because they were blacks. The anti-immigrant has movements such as Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) who are opposed to any kind of immigration reform. Certain way the only responsible of immigration issues in United States are the colonizers because they bring the slave from other countries to do the hard work.Instead to be prejudices and racism against the immigrant and blame on them; the anti-immigrant should read and comprehensive the U. S. history to stop the discrimination. References Background on discrimination against immigrants. (2009). Retrieved August 30, 2010, from Do Something: www. dosomething. org National Council of La Raza. (2010). Hate Flashpoints. Retrieved August 30, 2010, from We Can Stop The Hate: www. wecanstopthehate. org Raul, R. (2010, January 22). Justice gets tough on hate crimes . Retrieved October 20, 2010, from EbscoHost: www. ebscohost. com

The Dental And Oral Diseases And Blood Disease - 2184 Words

Abstract There is a close relationship between the dental and oral surgeries and the development of cardiovascular diseases and blood diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (heart diseases) are considered the main accuser of deaths in the developed countries. Mortality first accuser in countries such as Spain and West Europe countries. Blood disorder also is among the main and the most important considerations to be taken by the dental and oral surgeon and provider of care to the oral area. Therefore, dentistry, can be considered the protection gate for the heart and the blood and in case of manifestation taken dental diseases shall never lead to the development of blood diseases or cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension , heart†¦show more content†¦the surgeons are also required to give due care to the emergencies and take measures and precautions for finishing the surgery or the treatment as fast as possible to avoid more complication or fatal bleeding for them. Here the main concern is to show such relation between blood and cardiology diseases and the practices at the density. The assignment will concentrate on arterial hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and ischemic in addition to hemophilia as one of the blood disorder disease. Arterial Hypertension Arterial hypertension or as it s abbreviated as (AHT) is considered a serious heart and health problem. The occurrence percentage represents high levels among the population , the problem may be complicated till reaching the state of unbearable chest pain called and known as (angina ) also, the problem represented in the occurrence of myocardial infarction and leading to more complicated problems which may rise to the fatal state such stroke. The main results of this condition may be in the form of affection and negative impact on: ïÆ' ¼ Nearly 10% of the total cardiovascular patients in developed countries such as West Europe countries. 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Walter Isaacson s Biography Of Steve Jobs Without Feeling...

It’s difficult to read Walter Isaacson’s biography of Steve Jobs without feeling as if one grew up with him. Many books have been written about the Apple icon, but Walter Isaacson is the only writer with whom Jobs has ever agreed to collaborate. Walter Isaacson explores Jobs’s complex personality, from his childhood to his death in 2011. He highlights how Jobs’s desire for desire for control, passion for design, and perfection affected him as an innovator, father, and husband. Despite his complicated personality and tumultuous relationships, Steve Jobs created one of the most valuable companies in the world with unmatched legacy for zen product design and innovation. Forty one-on-one interviews and dozens more from his family, friends and†¦show more content†¦His fourth grade teacher had to bribe him to do his homework. The reality was that Steve tested off the charts and would have skipped several grades had it not been for his parent’s pr otests. Steve was too smart for his own good and it showed. He was bored in school, even through college. When Steve enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon, but in different form. He dropped out after the first six months. â€Å"He liked being at Reed, just not taking the required classes† (Isaacson, 2011). He also felt guilty about all the money his working-class parents were spending on his tuition. Jobs didn’t actually want to abandon Reed, he just didn’t want to take classes he thought were boring and not have to pay tuition. With his â€Å"attractive personality† (Isaacson, 2011), he managed to convince the Dean to let him stay in friends’ dorms for his last 18 months and just go to the classes that interested him. When jobs left Reed in 1974, Jobs got a job as video game designer with Atari. A few months later he left the company to find spiritual enlightenment in India, traveling further and experimenting with psychedelic drugs. When J obs returned home, he reconnected with an old friend from high school, Steve Wozniak (Woz). At the age of 21, him and Woz started Apple Computer. From the first design of the Apple I, Jobs has been known as stubborn, and a perfectionist. He would often be seen screaming at one of his employees or making a scene about some minor detail in

Bullying And The School A Safer Place - 913 Words

â€Å"With ignorance comes fear – from fear comes bigotry. Education is the key to acceptance.† –Kathleen Patel. That is a famous saying that indirectly shows how to stop bullying, it says that to stop bullying people need to have a good education. Bullying is the act of aggressive and continuous behavior against a weaker person that leads to physical and/or mental injuries. Most of bullying cases occur during childhood and in school years; this makes a kid to be afraid of going to school and not seizing the opportunity of having a good education. To stop this serious problem schools must take action on an anti-bullying campaign and make the school a safer place. The imminent change needs to be promoted at two levels. First at the home level, the family needs to create a charming atmosphere where the kid feels love. Then in the classroom or school where teachers can provide direct discussions with children who are victims of bullying and with the ones who harass. 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Class Classifications Free Essays

The following essay is based on the movie Elysium which conveys a futuristic view of humanity’s evolution whereby Earth’s wealthiest fled the planet to preserve their way of life leaving the financially unstable and the sickly behind. Social inequality In the film Elysium Is constructed by depicting a dyspepsia society (Elysium 2013) This can be evidenced through the Imagery, architecture, agricultural landscape, language, Ideas, values and norms portrayed In the movie (Giddiness, A 2009). Social Inequality In the film Elysium is constructed by depicting a dyspepsia society. We will write a custom essay sample on Class Classifications or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elysium explores sociological themes such as class issues, poverty, immigration, over population, healthcare and exploitation, social inequality, mobility. Social inequality is depicted on earth whereby its citizens were classified as a minority group and were limited to their social status and class stratification (Elysium 2013). First we consider material inequality which was evident in the movie due to disparities of income, property and wealth. Secondly, inequality associated with employment and the labor market and thirdly, inequality arising from the lack of healthcare resources and education yester. Social mobility Is the movement of an Individual or a group in a social position to upper or lower classes In the means of health status, literacy and better standard of living through migration to Elysium as asylum seekers to escape their socio- economic level as refugees (Dodd, J. J 2010). Attributes such as age, gender, race or ethnicity further distinguish people in terms of class and status in context of femininity and hegemonic masculinity, depicting the dominant social position of men and women in Elysium and on earth on how gender in terms of employment are resent on earth as well. Most importantly how all these pieces of popular culture is reflective to the current Australian society in their similarities and disparities. Social mobility is essential to the plot of the movie as most of the citizens on earth aspire to a higher social class for a better standard of living (Dodd,J. J 2010). Social inequality is constructed in the film In the film by depicting a dyspepsia society. This Is evidenced through the Imagery of earth, the architecture of buildings In ruins, landscape, language, Ideas and norms. The infrastructure on earth Is dilapidated, not maintained and cared for, the environment Is a barren wasteland with high levels of pollution from industrial outlets. Earth was mainly used for the manufacturing of droid’s where the lead character was employed for assembling them. Droid’s were utilized to police and keep order on the vastly populated earth. Lack of educational facilities on Earth affected children who became â€Å"dreamers† for a better world with an inevitable future of despair (Elysium 2013). The work force on these druid factories wowed the disparities of status in the employment hierarchy. John Carlyle the CEO of Marlene, had a separate office whereas the employees and supervisors were on the floor. The CEO only Intervened when there was adherence in production. The character portrayed emotional detachment to the employees treating them as If they were mere objects. (Western, M Baxter, J 2007). In Elysium, the environment had a very sterile and futuristic look, well planned and Idyllic to the citizens. Everything on earth Is In despair and decline, the rich on the other hand have every resource available to them in their paradise in space. The landscape is beautifully maintained, two worlds is evident and the introduction of the movie constructs this accurately for the viewer’s portraying the severe inequality in the social class stratification. On Elysium the privileged strive to preserve their prestige lifestyle whilst on Earth the citizens are left to fend for themselves to struggle amongst overpopulation, poverty, low healthcare standards. (Garage, B 2002). Australia is an egalitarian society, however social inequality exists to quite a large extend. There are numerous inequalities present in the Australian society which has a propensity to divide the community into different groupings (Heinlein, J, Passim, A Passim-linseed, A 2014). According to (Garage, B 2002) Mar’s approach has been extremely useful in understanding inequality in Australia today. However, the revised approach from Erik Olin Wright argues that importance of education in the twentieth century led to groups arising whose economic roles were determined by educational qualification and expertise rather than work done with hands (Garage, B 2002). Inequality in Australia is largely dependent on differentiation of social classes. The working class represents the largest class in the workforce and the capitalist class the smallest portion of the workforce. (Heinlein, J, Passim, A Passim-linseed, A 2014). In (Dodd, J. J. 2010) the possibility of upward social mobility is strengthened through belief in one’s own life and these ideas are re-in forced through movies and the American culture. Social mobility can be understood as the â€Å"movement of individuals and groups between different class positions as a result of changes in occupation, lath or income†. Giddiness, Dunedin, Applesauce, 2007). Material inequality of the labor force and poor work management led to the main character Matt Damon being lethally exposed to radiation. He was given a bottle of pills but no proper medical care. Matt Damson’s character was exploited by the capitalist class for capital gain and once he was no longer able to contribute to the work force he became a liability and let go. As a result of, the main character had no choice but to go through intergenerational mobility, a change in class position. Social interaction is drastically sacking on earth, there is no face to face interaction. The robots act as authority figures and do not react in relation with the citizens. They follow standards of conduct and behave accordingly, showing no emotions which are key elements of social interaction (Furze, B, Saw, P, Bryn, R Lie, J 2008). The belief of a possible upward social mobility is are reinforced in the movie and in the modern Australian society. Upward social mobility is central to the plot and the outcome of the story in Elysium. According to Marx, class is defined as where a person stands in regards to reduction (Capital Industry) whereby the democratic society of Elysium act as the â€Å"bourgeoisie† who own the means of production and dictate to the residents on earth who are the â€Å"proletariat’s† and perform labor intensive and manual tasks. Both the bourgeoisie and proletariat’s had opposing interests leading to hostility and conflict. In Elysium the opposing interests between the capitalist and working class led to hostility and conflict. The working class became impoverished and disadvantaged which led to a revolution for upward social mobility to improve their circumstances Garage, B 2002). Another very key issue that was portrayed in the movie was the concept of ethnicity, looking at Australia which has a complicated history where Just under a quarter of its population are first generation migrants. It is a multi-cultural cultures of people residing together which made them feel a sense of belonging towards one another based on cultural similarities like language spoken, religion, food and lifestyle patterns. On Elysium the residents were indifferent, all vastly wealthy and are almost white compared to earth. They built hierarchies and lassie people into categories mostly on the basis of class and status. Since they were wealthy they believed they were far more superior and smarter to the lower class thus forcing them to seek refuge on earth to perish or survive the atrocious conditions on earth. Popup,J 2002) States that Australia is an immigrant society. Continual immigration has attributed to the affluent society that we have present today. Assimilation due to the increasing number of immigrants in the Australian Society meant disappearance of many characteristics which differentiated individuals room each other. Popup, J 2002). Since Earth being a manufacturing and industrialized society, the idea of masculinity was interpreted and men were usually bread winners as hard labor was required. Femininity was constructed as the women on Earth were utilized in domestic duties and offered health care services to the sick and injured (School, S, Buskin,J Long, J 2002. On Elysium feminism in regards to gender plays a pivotal role where Jodie Foster who plays the role of Secretary of Defense shows no tolerance to refugee/ asylum seekers and orders execution even before they reach Elysium (School, S, Buskin,J Long, J 2002). However, the CEO and the president are male in gender which portrays patriarchy depicting a male dominance hierarchy in governance (Bolton, T, Bonnet, K, Jones, P, Lawson, T, Skinner, D Stonewort, M 2002). The citizens on earth who strives to migrate into Elysium were a minority group which was further distinguished into small groups, in context with ‘mechanical solidarity Druthers stated that † what holds these small groups together is a ‘shared collective† where there is not much differences in the beliefs of the society once they expanded (Day, G 2006). It was the sameness of status that the citizens had which made them work together as a unit through understanding each other’s values and norms (Day, G 2006). Staying on earth was not out of free will. It was taken away from the lower class thus they were treated like slaves. Women were perceived as a minority group in context with class stratification whereby they did not have equal privileges in the society. It is understandable that social inequality does exist in the current Australian society however, the lower classes have the opportunity to halogen the set social order and improve their class status through upward social mobility. Education plays a significant factor as the well learnt can strive for high income earning positions that will contribute to their personal and capital wealth. In Australia, education is available to people of all classes and there is no barrier to it. Thus, the opportunities and privileges previously available to the higher social class can now be attained by an individual from a lower class allowing them to be socially mobile and to better their lifestyle. Class and ethnicity play a significant role in the rent Australian society as it distinguishes individuals. Individuals in the same social class may not experience the same status as modern societies are more complex and can be stratified in several ways. How to cite Class Classifications, Papers

Supply Chain Game Assessment free essay sample

In our first encounter with the â€Å"Beer Game† there was a deliberate lack of information flow throughout the supply chain. This inability to access and analyze previous data and forecasts left all participants in the supply chain in the dark as to the right amount of stock to keep on hand and the ability to predict future fluctuations in the demand. Without this data to rely on many decisions were made from a panic mentality rather than a logical one. Communication within the supply chain is imperative and must be shared among all participants to allow each member to better evaluate their customer demands at high and low periods. In the second session of the â€Å"Beer Game†, all participants were allowed access and share data needed to make rational decisions rather than emotional ones. By having this information, the prices and inventories were kept at closer intervals and all members were able to adjust accordingly without panic, saving undue production and costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Game Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having a demand forecast updating throughout the supply chain allows all participants the ability to fine-tune their inventories, reduce overheads and costs. Cisco in turn had the opportunity to secure all information and data needed to make good decisions but, in gathering information, it is only as good as a person that gathers it. After reading the article â€Å"What Happened to Cisco†, the information that was gathered was skewed toward the idea of cost growth. Cisco had begun to believe their own hype and believed that their systems were so efficient that they were infallible. The one thing Cisco did not model for was what would happen if the growth suddenly stopped. After four straight quarters of consistent growth, Cisco was never not growing. (3) The next issue facing the members of supply chain had to do with the time limitations and delivery schedules between orders. This effect, according to the article â€Å"The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains† was referred to as ‘order batching’. Order batching is when companies do not immediately place orders with their suppliers due to back-up stock on hand, or often accumulating the demand first and waiting until they can take advantage of full load discounts and promotions. Our window in the first game was 4 weeks. A major variability in demand in the 5th week created a surge in demand that was forecasted but overlooked by many. Without the proper data, the entire supply chain was caught off guard and there were shortages that rippled all the way back to the factory. â€Å"Periodic ordering amplifies variability and contributes to the bullwhip effect. † (1) Communication abilities in the second round allowed shorter delivery turn around, which led to less drastic variations in the ordering curve, no stock-outs, and no thirsty customers. Cisco also began to experience shortages in their supply of routers and switches. So they decided to increase the component inventory in order to reduce wait time for its customers, also giving them a reserve always to draw its component makers ran out. This behavior also corresponds with the fourth effect of the bullwhip known as rationing and shortage gaming. The sales staff continued reporting higher demands and forecasts which meant it was time to build up inventory. And then in the year 2000 largest recession since the Great Depression hits leaving Cisco with equipment that could not be delivered. (3) The third reason for The Bullwhip Effect according to the aforementioned article was price fluctuation. Although there was no price fluctuation in game one or in game two, we did see a major fluctuation in the ordering curve. The fluctuation in price and unforeseen order demands would have seriously affected the overall costs of products, stock-outs, and inventory. Also, having the ability to order without satisfying full order limits help to curtail logistics expenditures. Many of the problems seen in the bullwhip effect originate from large buy in quantities during promotions. It is at this time that many retailers will buy at lower prices anticipating future price increases. This extra buy in will create a ripple that affects everyone in the supply chain without the proper information and communication that will need to be documented. In other words, if a grocery store buys 2000 cases of soda in anticipation of two promotions, knowing that before the second promotion there will be a price increase, the mass quantity buy will increase the retailers overall profits but shows up on the sales data as a major fluctuation. Without knowing about the circumstance of the sale this could create a bullwhip effect. This occurrence happened quite often while I was involved in the beverage industry. The district manager would forecast a certain number of cases to be moved within a quarter; then the factory would ship according to the forecast, whether close or not. Problem was the forecast sometimes did not live up to the hype and at the end of the quarter many times the warehouse was overstocked with product that needed to be moved before the next shipment started for the beginning of the next sales quarter. This overstock lead to many major price reductions and incentives throughout the district so that most of the grocery stores were able to purchase large sums of stock and run supplement ads other than previously corporate contracted. Extra discounts equal lower costs which led to higher profits because many of the franchises did not reflect their savings in their everyday prices. With Cisco, there was no mention of any major price fluctuations other than when the bottom falls out in 2000. Instead of selling their switches and routers for full retail markup, they wind up settling for $. 15 on the dollar. (3) The final issue, rationing and shortage gaming, results when demand exceeds supply and manufacturers ration products on the basis of amounts ordered. Customers exaggerate their needs in an effort to get more products. When demands drop, customers will cancel their orders leaving the manufacturers stuck with the excess. This was not evident in the first game because of the lack of information available to the participating parties. In the second game, with more information and data available for review operating costs, inventory, and planning for greatly enhanced and reduced. Again this issue was prevalent in 1980s while I was involved in the beverage industry. Pepsi Cola had just introduced the Slice products in many of the stores found themselves without inventory and ordered larger quantities to build their stock. Shortly after, the program rapidly faded as just another flavored soft drink; leaving most warehouses with an overabundance of fruit sodas. Cisco was part of The Great Moderation because of its relation to changes in inventory management. Inventories were to act as a buffer between production and sales while excess of production over sales resulted in inventory accumulation. The Great Moderation was a belief that any major recession was a thing of the past. According to these explanations, the widespread adoption of information technology could have been brought about innovations in supply chain management. (4)